No, there is no legal action you can take (other than as chyvan has described). Not based on what you have posted. Certainly not before you talk to HR.

Are you suggesting that when someone quits, they shouldn't believe the person? How often do you think it happens that someone quits for someone else? Why do you think they shouldn't take someone at their word?

Contact HR on Monday and explain your situation. See what they say. Then, Google at-will employment.

The likelihood is that IF you have any cause of action against anyone, it's the person who allegedly called in as you, not your employer.

If additional facts emerge that you think might change the answer, post back.