Why have you waited until NOW. You should have been actively doing something before the time runs out. At the minimum you can try to get another 60 day extension (I believe you are allowed one). As it is, in eight days you will be out of status. If you are still in the US at that time and you do not have an application in to change your status you will be considered illegally present (possibly back to your termination date). I'd be on the phone IMMEDIATELY to an immigration attorney. The clock is ticking.
It would be foolhardy for your company and retroactively lie and say you were on sabbatical when you were indeed terminated. Not only would it come back to haunt them, you would be guilty of immigration fraud and can be deported and subject to a lifetime bar. We can't advise you to break the law (regardless of the outcome).
There is no such thing as an H1B "transfer." Any new employer will have to apply for a new visa for you. The good news is that you get to skip some concerns the second time around (most importantly the cap). Note, that giving an employer seven working days is going to be daunting. Unless they're already standing up jobs looking for H1B's, there are things they must do (advertising, etc...) in order to even consider hiring on such a visa.
You can apply to adjust to the non-immigrant status, but understand that you could be very well denied given your appearance that you are using it improperly (immigrant intent). This you apply, you won't accrue illegal presence while the application is pending, but if it is denied, you will be retroactively declared illegal present back to the time you would have been out of status otherwise.
You need to be talking with whatever imagined prospective employers you have and an attorney NOW, or be prepared to get out of the US by next Tuesdday.
You really waited too long.

