No, you cannot discharge the 401k loan in your bankruptcy. You will have to continue making repayments on the 401k loan via your employer, and if you are unable to pay it back in full, then eventually it will become taxable income in the year that your employer determines that it cannot be paid back by you. (usually happens when you are fired, layed off or leave the job).
Whether or not a bankruptcy will effect your job depends entirely on the nature of your job and your employer.

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