You don't say where you are, but it isn't clear whether this judge possibly did a variation on probation before judgment (I'm frankly not clear what an adjournment in contemplation of dismissal is).

Anyone's free to sue anyone else for anything, but unless you can establish that someone accused you of this knowing it was false (vs. suspicions being wrong), there's not a viable malicious prosecution case (and you'd also usually have to establish that there wasn't probable cause and that the matter was resolved in your favor -- that means charges being dismissed or prosecutor deciding not to prosecute. If you weren't found the legal equivalent of not guilty (and technically a probation before judgment would arguably be the same as not guilty under the law because there's no conviction being handed down), a lawsuit would face problems.