Given that you owned no property, paid no taxes, and only spent a couple days out of six years in California, no, I see no way for you to claim California residency. Maintaining your parents' address and your drivers license does not demonstrate sufficiently strong ties to the state of California.

In order for you to claim California residency, your time abroad must have been demonstrably temporary and transitory. There's no way anyone can construe marrying a Canadian national, applying for Canadian permanent residency, and remaining on Canadian soil for six years as demonstrably temporary and transitory.

In order to qualify for in-state tuition, you'll need to re-establish California residency. The University of California system explains how here. if you cannot document that you will be making California your permanent home - and this will be quite difficult if your husband remains in Canada - you will not be able to establish residency.

In one of the college applications I'm filling out, it asks whether I have lived in California all my life, and if I have not I should declare my previous state and/or country residences. I am not sure how to answer that. I did physically "live" in Canada, but it was never my legal place of residence. I don't want to answer that I lived abroad until November and end up being counted as a non-resident of California, but on the other hand if I omit that fact I might risk being rejected for not providing all necessary information.
You answer the question truthfully. You were, in fact, a resident of Canada for six years, just not a permanent one. Like it or not, you're going to be counted as a non-resident, there's no way around it.